RATIH KUSUMA NINGTIAS; SIFWATIR RIF’AH; RAHMAT HARIADI; ANJANI ROHMATUL MAULA. Shadow Education in the Era of Industrial Revolution 4.0 It’s Disruptive Impact on Islamic Religious Education Institutions in Indonesia. Madinah: Jurnal Studi Islam, [S. l.], v. 13, n. 1, p. 120–134, 2026. DOI: 10.58518/madinah.v13i1.4809. Disponível em: https://ejournal.iai-tabah.ac.id/madinah/article/view/4809. Acesso em: 3 jun. 2026.