The Genealogy of Philosophy as the Foundation of Science: A Literature Study on History, Terminology, and Classification
This study investigates the historical and conceptual interconnections between philosophy and science as epistemological foundations. Employing a literature-based approach, it traces how philosophy has not only served as the origin of scientific disciplines but also continues to provide a reflective, critical, and normative framework for their development. The findings suggest that science has never been entirely autonomous; it consistently relies on philosophical assumptions concerning reality, logic, and truth. Comparative insights from Western and Eastern traditions enrich the epistemological discourse, combining rational analysis with holistic perspectives. Case studies on the role of philosophy in research ethics such as the Nuremberg Code, Hans Jonas’s ethical reflections, and social hermeneutics highlight its enduring relevance in safeguarding science as a humane and responsible endeavor. The study concludes that a comprehensive understanding of science is unattainable without engaging its philosophical genealogy, and that the integration of philosophy and science is indispensable for building knowledge that is value-conscious, reflective, and sustainable
“A New Epistemology of Intelligence: Rethinking Knowledge Through Noesology[v2] | Preprints.Org.” Accessed May 20, 2025. https://www.preprints.org/manuscript/202502.1377/v2. “A (Re)View of the Philosophical Foundations of Strategic Management Rabetino 2021 International Journal of Management Reviews Wiley Online Library.” Accessed May 19, 2025. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ijmr.12244. Alloa, Emmanuel. The Share of Perspective. New York: Routledge, 2024. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003466666. “An Introduction to Ethics in Robotics and AI | SpringerLink.” Accessed May 20, 2025. https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/9783030511104. “An Introduction to Ethics in Robotics and AI | SpringerLink.” Accessed May 20, 2025. https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/9783030511104. Andersen, Hanne. “Collaboration, Interdisciplinarity, and the Epistemology of Contemporary Science.” Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A 56 (April 1, 2016): 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.shpsa.2015.10.006. ———. “Collaboration, Interdisciplinarity, and the Epistemology of Contemporary Science.” Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A 56 (April 1, 2016): 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.shpsa.2015.10.006. ———. “Collaboration, Interdisciplinarity, and the Epistemology of Contemporary Science.” Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A 56 (April 1, 2016): 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.shpsa.2015.10.006. ———. “Collaboration, Interdisciplinarity, and the Epistemology of Contemporary Science.” Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A 56 (April 1, 2016): 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.shpsa.2015.10.006. Anjum, Rani Lill, and Elena Rocca. Philosophy of Science. Palgrave Philosophy Today. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1007/9783031560491. “Australasian Journal of Philosophy 1947–2016: A Retrospective Using Citation and Social Network Analyses: Global Intellectual History: Vol 4, No 2.” Accessed May 19, 2025. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/23801883.2018.1478233. “Back to the University’s Future: The Second Coming of Humboldt | SpringerLink.” Accessed May 20, 2025. https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/9783031363276. “Balancing Innovation and Biomedical Ethics within National Institutes of Health: Integrative and Regulatory Reforms for Artificial IntelligenceDriven Biotechnology | Biotechnology Law Report.” Accessed May 20, 2025. https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/blr.2025.360002.jj. Beraha, Aydin. Scientific Thought and Research Methodology: Concepts, Principles, Philosophy of Science, and Ontological Dimension. Series in Philosophy of Science. Wilmington, Delaware Malaga: Vernon Press, 2025. Berg, Henrik. “A Critical Reconstruction of EvidenceBased Practice in Psychology; Evidence and Ethics,” n.d. “Biolaw and the Biosciences | SpringerLink.” Accessed May 20, 2025. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/9783030718237_6. Boon, Mieke, and Sophie Van Baalen. “Epistemology for Interdisciplinary Research – Shifting Philosophical Paradigms of Science.” European Journal for Philosophy of Science 9, no. 1 (December 12, 2018): 16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s1319401802424. ———. “Epistemology for Interdisciplinary Research – Shifting Philosophical Paradigms of Science.” European Journal for Philosophy of Science 9, no. 1 (December 12, 2018): 16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s1319401802424. ———. “Epistemology for Interdisciplinary Research – Shifting Philosophical Paradigms of Science.” European Journal for Philosophy of Science 9, no. 1 (December 12, 2018): 16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s1319401802424. Borges, Leonor Calvão, and Jorge Revez. “Pragmatic Paradigm in Information Science Research: A Literature Review.” Qualitative and Quantitative Methods in Libraries 8, no. 2 (September 18, 2019): 179–88. Botes, Marietjie Wilhelmina Maria. “Brain Computer Interfaces and Human Rights: Brave New Rights for a Brave New World.” In 2022 ACM Conference on Fairness Accountability and Transparency, 1154–61. Seoul Republic of Korea: ACM, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1145/3531146.3533176. Brisson, Luc. “Bibliographie platonicienne 20222023.” Études platoniciennes, no. 18 (December 31, 2023). https://doi.org/10.4000/etudesplatoniciennes.2910. “‘Concerned Philosophers for Peace, Vol. 32 (2024)’ by Court Lewis and Cameron Farvin.” Accessed May 20, 2025. https://ecommons.udayton.edu/concerned_philosophers/51/. Crippen, Matthew. “Enactivism: A Newish Name for Mostly Old Ideas?” Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences 24, no. 1 (February 2025): 103–27. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11097024100196. “Defining Terms for Integrated (MultiInterTransDisciplinary) Sustainability Research.” Accessed May 19, 2025. https://www.mdpi.com/20711050/3/8/1090. DeronceleAcosta, Angel, Ramiro GrossTur, Omar BellidoValdiviezo, and Rosendo LópezMustelier. “Qualitative Research From Grounded Theory to Build a Scientific Framework on the Researcher’s Epistemic Competence.” International Journal of Qualitative Methods 23 (November 1, 2024): 16094069241284218. https://doi.org/10.1177/16094069241284218. Desai, Jules, David Watson, Vincent Wang, Mariarosaria Taddeo, and Luciano Floridi. “The Epistemological Foundations of Data Science: A Critical Review.” Synthese 200, no. 6 (November 6, 2022): 469. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11229022039332. ———. “The Epistemological Foundations of Data Science: A Critical Review.” Synthese 200, no. 6 (November 6, 2022): 469. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11229022039332. ———. “The Epistemological Foundations of Data Science: A Critical Review.” Synthese 200, no. 6 (November 6, 2022): 469. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11229022039332. “Evolution of the Ethos of Science: From the Representationalist to the Interventionist Approach to Science | Foundations of Science.” Accessed May 20, 2025. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10699024099696. Fomenko, Georgy, and Marina Fomenko. “Economic Transition and Environmental Conservation: Sociocultural Aspects,” n.d. Foster, Gillian. “Concrete Utopianism in Integrated Assessment Models: Discovering the Philosophy of the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways.” Energy Research & Social Science 68 (October 1, 2020): 101533. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2020.101533. “From Metaphysics to Culture: Music as a Factor in the Emergence of Modern Psychology, 17501900 | SpringerLink.” Accessed May 20, 2025. https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/9783031895951. “From Metaphysics to Culture: Music as a Factor in the Emergence of Modern Psychology, 17501900 | SpringerLink.” Accessed May 20, 2025. https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/9783031895951. Gilbert, Bennett, and Natan Elgabsi. “AN EXISTENTIAL PHILOSOPHY OF HISTORY.” In Ensino de História: Novas Perspectivas, 1st ed., 50–72. Editora Científica Digital, 2023. https://doi.org/10.37885/230914536. Goldenberg, Maya J. “On Evidence and EvidenceBased Medicine: Lessons from the Philosophy of Science.” Social Science & Medicine, Part Special Issue: Gift Horse or Trojan Horse? Social Science Perspectives on Evidencebased Health Care, 62, no. 11 (June 1, 2006): 2621–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2005.11.031. “Hans Jonas: The Early Years 1st Edition Daniel M. Herskowitz Ela.” Accessed May 20, 2025. https://www.routledge.com/HansJonasTheEarlyYears/HerskowitzLapidotWiese/p/book/9781032575681?srsltid=AfmBOopRFTNeXHMoYr3KeKgOpXFXkqZjbq3t9E50XlYBxQshQNQVvCZV. Heneghan, Fiacha D. Kantian Ethics and Environmental Philosophy: Pursuing the Good in an Age of Crisis. Edinburgh University Press, 2025. Hjørland, Birger. “Library and Information Science: Practice, Theory, and Philosophical Basis.” Information Processing & Management 36, no. 3 (May 1, 2000): 501–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/S03064573(99)000382. “Homo Knowledge | SpringerLink.” Accessed May 20, 2025. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/9783031683428_2. “Homo Knowledge | SpringerLink.” Accessed May 20, 2025. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/9783031683428_2. Horujy, Sergey S. “Thinking as a Philosophical, Theological and Psychological Phenomenon.” In Thinking: Bioengineering of Science and Art, edited by Nima Rezaei and Amene Saghazadeh, 39–72. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1007/9783031040757_2. Husaeni, Dwi Fitria Al, and M. Munir. “Literature Review and Bibliometric Mapping Analysis: Philosophy of Science and Technology Education.” Indonesian Journal of Multidiciplinary Research 3, no. 2 (2023): 219–34. https://doi.org/10.17509/ijomr.v3i2.56242. Ienca, Marcello, Oreste Pollicino, Laura Liguori, Elisa Stefanini, and Roberto Andorno. The Cambridge Handbook of Information Technology, Life Sciences and Human Rights. Cambridge University Press, 2022. Ienna, Gerardo. “Twists and Turns.” In Genesis and Development of French Historical Epistemology: A Trajectory Toward Political Epistemology, edited by Gerardo Ienna, 51–131. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/9783031886997_2. “INTERROGATING PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE: METHODS AND NEW TRENDS | ESSENCE: Interdisciplinary International Journal of Concerned African Philosophers.” Accessed May 20, 2025. https://www.acjol.org/index.php/essence/article/view/4287. Jalilbayli, Ogtay B. “Philosophy of Linguistic Culture and New Perspectives in Modern Azerbaijani Linguistics.” Futurity Philosophy 1, no. 4 (December 30, 2022): 53–65. https://doi.org/10.57125/FP.2022.12.30.05. “Knowing Life: The Ethics of Multispecies Epistemologies 1st Edition.” Accessed May 20, 2025. https://www.routledge.com/KnowingLifeTheEthicsofMultispeciesEpistemologies/Donaldson/p/book/9781032659961?srsltid=AfmBOorMF4DO_HJXRmFYVqgU84S0frRb681Eoqmh8qoJ4EF8OU_u4SQJ. Kovalska, Lesia, Hryhorii Kovalskyi, and Ivan Vozyanov. “The Concept of ‘Document’ in the Epistemological System of Knowledge: A Methodological Discourse in the Philosophy of Science,” 2024. http://elib.nakkkim.edu.ua/handle/123456789/5846. Kungurtsev, Vyacheslav, Leonardo Christov Moore, Gustav Sir, and Martin Krutsky. “‘Cause’ Is Mechanistic Narrative within Scientific Domains: An Ordinary Language Philosophical Critique of ‘Causal Machine Learning.’” arXiv, February 2, 2025. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2501.05844. “Literature Review and Bibliometric Mapping Analysis: Philosophy of Science and Technology Education | Al Husaeni | Indonesian Journal of Multidiciplinary Research.” Accessed May 19, 2025. https://ejournal.upi.edu/index.php/IJOMR/article/view/56242. Liu, Wencheng, Xiaofei Li, and Gaofeng Li. “The Contributions of Philosophy of Science in Science Education Research: A Literature Review.” Science & Education, November 30, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1007/s1119102300485w. ———. “The Contributions of Philosophy of Science in Science Education Research: A Literature Review.” Science & Education, November 30, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1007/s1119102300485w. ———. “The Contributions of Philosophy of Science in Science Education Research: A Literature Review.” Science & Education, November 30, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1007/s1119102300485w. ———. “The Contributions of Philosophy of Science in Science Education Research: A Literature Review.” Science & Education, November 30, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1007/s1119102300485w. McCullough, Glenn J. Jacob Boehme and the Spiritual Roots of Psychotherapy: Dreams, Ecstasy, and Wisdom. BRILL, 2025. Mobjörk, Malin. “Consulting versus Participatory Transdisciplinarity: A Refined Classification of Transdisciplinary Research.” Futures, Europe 2030: Territorial Scenarios, 42, no. 8 (October 1, 2010): 866–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.futures.2010.03.003. ———. “Consulting versus Participatory Transdisciplinarity: A Refined Classification of Transdisciplinary Research.” Futures, Europe 2030: Territorial Scenarios, 42, no. 8 (October 1, 2010): 866–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.futures.2010.03.003. Montanari, Pietro. “Introduction. Ancient Knowledge in Perspective: Problems of Demarcation.” Diálogos, no. 116 (May 14, 2025): 15–54. Naumann, Sebastian. The Politics of Serial Television Fiction: Structural Developments, Narrative Themes, and the Nonlinear Turn. transcript Verlag, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783839475683. Neuhold, Elfriede. “The Epistemology of Vedantic Constructivism.” In Transdisciplinary Thinking and Acting: Fundamentals and Perspectives, edited by Mathias Schüz, 135–53. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/9783031706806_8. “Newsletter312024.Pdf.” Accessed May 20, 2025. https://hiw.kuleuven.be/en/study/alumni/newsletter/newsletter312024.pdf. Nickles, Thomas. “Kuhn, Historical Philosophy of Science, and CaseBased Reasoning.” Configurations 6, no. 1 (1998): 51–85. Oliveira, Agamenon R. E. Introduction to Epistemology of Mechanical Sciences. Springer Nature, 2024. “On the Practice of Integrated STEM Education as ‘Poiesis’ | STEM Education Review.” Accessed May 19, 2025. https://www.hksmp.com/journals/stemer/article/view/408. “Oxford University Press (OUP) Academic Publishing Homepage.” Accessed May 20, 2025. https://global.oup.com/academic/?lang=en&cc=id. “(PDF) Paradigms in Theory Construction.” Accessed May 20, 2025. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/278660715_Paradigms_in_Theory_Construction. “(PDF) Philosophy of Political Science. Prolegomena of a Neglected Subdiscipline.” Accessed May 20, 2025. https://www.academia.edu/50358254/Philosophy_of_Political_Science_Prolegomena_of_a_neglected_subdiscipline. Pecchia, Leandro, Alessia Maccaro, and Kallirroi Stavrianou. Ethics and Biomedical Engineering: Facing Global Health Emergencies. CRC Press, 2024. Petrovich, Eugenio. “11. Research Report | Forms, Patterns, Structures: Citation Analysis and the History of Analytic Philosophy.” Journal of Interdisciplinary History of Ideas 7, no. 13 (August 11, 2018). https://doi.org/10.13135/22808574/2843. ———. “11. Research Report | Forms, Patterns, Structures: Citation Analysis and the History of Analytic Philosophy.” Journal of Interdisciplinary History of Ideas 7, no. 13 (August 11, 2018). https://doi.org/10.13135/22808574/2843. “Philosophy of Economics? | 14 | Three Decades of Bibliometric History.” Accessed May 19, 2025. https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/978131573979314/philosophyeconomicsfran%C3%A7oisclaveaualexandretrucoliviersanterreluismirelesflores. “Philosophy of Economics? Three Decades of Bibliometric History by François Claveau, Alexandre Truc, Olivier Santerre, Luis MirelesFlores :: SSRN.” Accessed May 19, 2025. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3740150. “Philosophy of Linguistic Culture and New Perspectives in Modern Azerbaijani Linguistics | Futurity Philosophy.” Accessed May 19, 2025. https://futurityphilosophy.com/index.php/FPH/article/view/22. “Philosophy of Linguistic Culture and New Perspectives in Modern Azerbaijani Linguistics | Futurity Philosophy.” Accessed May 19, 2025. https://futurityphilosophy.com/index.php/FPH/article/view/22. “Philosophy of Science | SpringerLink.” Accessed May 20, 2025. https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/9783031560491. “Philosophy of Science and Philosophy of Science Review: Historical Analysis and Perspectives of Ontology, Epistemology, and Axiology | FOKUS Jurnal Kajian Keislaman Dan Kemasyarakatan.” Accessed May 19, 2025. https://journal.iaincurup.ac.id/index.php/JF/article/view/11708. Pretis, Daria de, Filippo Donati, Marco Dugato, Angela Ferrari Zumbini, Fabrizio Fracchia, Tania Groppi, Francesco Manganaro, et al. “HEAD OF THE EDITORIAL STAFF,” n.d. Pronskikh, Vitaly, and Galina V. Sorina. “Expert Text Analysis in the Inclusion of History and Philosophy of Science in Higher Education.” Science & Education 31, no. 4 (August 1, 2022): 961–75. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11191021002805. ———. “Expert Text Analysis in the Inclusion of History and Philosophy of Science in Higher Education.” Science & Education 31, no. 4 (August 1, 2022): 961–75. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11191021002805. “Qualitative Research From Grounded Theory to Build a Scientific Framework on the Researcher’s Epistemic Competence Angel DeronceleAcosta, Ramiro GrossTur, Omar BellidoValdiviezo, Rosendo LópezMustelier, 2024.” Accessed May 19, 2025. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/16094069241284218. “Quantum Mechanics (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy/Fall 2021 Edition).” Accessed May 20, 2025. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2021/entries/qm/. Raymond, Christopher M., Ioan Fazey, Mark S. Reed, Lindsay C. Stringer, Guy M. Robinson, and Anna C. Evely. “Integrating Local and Scientific Knowledge for Environmental Management.” Journal of Environmental Management 91, no. 8 (August 1, 2010): 1766–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2010.03.023. Reed, Wayne F. Biophysics: Physical Processes Underlying the Living State. John Wiley & Sons, 2025. “Research Is Not Greater Than the Methodology: Ways of Seeing and Analyzing Ubuntu | SpringerLink.” Accessed May 20, 2025. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/9789811978180_2. ResearchGate. “(PDF) Primality in Knowledge and Philosophy Final Version Solomon M. Antoniou,” March 18, 2025. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/389899503_Primality_in_Knowledge_and_Philosophy_Final_Version_Solomon_M_Antoniou. Rezaei, Nima, Amene Saghazadeh, Abdul Rahman Izaini Ghani, AbouAli Vedadhir, Aida Vahed, Alfredo Vellido, Alireza Afshar, et al. “Integrated Science 2050: Multidisciplinarity and Interdisciplinarity in Health.” In Multidisciplinarity and Interdisciplinarity in Health, edited by Nima Rezaei, 661–90. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1007/9783030968144_30. RintaPollari, Henna. “Exploring the Intersection of Human Rights and the Quest for Neurorights in Europe,” n.d. Robergs, Robert A., Olumide Opeyemi, and Samuel Torrens. “How to Be a Better Scientist: Lessons from Scientific Philosophy, the Historical Development of Science, and Past Errors within Exercise Physiology.” Sports Medicine and Health Science 4, no. 2 (June 1, 2022): 140–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smhs.2022.04.001. ———. “How to Be a Better Scientist: Lessons from Scientific Philosophy, the Historical Development of Science, and Past Errors within Exercise Physiology.” Sports Medicine and Health Science 4, no. 2 (June 1, 2022): 140–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smhs.2022.04.001. Schuster, John A. “The Laws of Collision at the Royal Society, 1668–9: A Case Study in the Organization of Inquiry in Early Classical Physics.” In A History of Physics: Phenomena, Ideas and Mechanisms: Essays in Honor of Salvo D’Agostino, edited by Raffaele Pisano, 677–718. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/9783031261749_27. Shkursky, Andrey. “Atlas of Knowing: Reflexive Notes on Epistemic Aperture Formation,” n.d. Sumadisastro, Witzir, Babang Robandi, Diki Fahrizal, and Nor Shahila Mansor. “Research Trends in Philosophy of Science in Education: A Bibliometric Study of the Recent Period.” Journal of Innovation in Educational and Cultural Research 6, no. 2 (March 11, 2025): 327–40. https://doi.org/10.46843/jiecr.v6i2.2206. “Systems Thinking | SpringerLink.” Accessed May 20, 2025. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/9783658468750_2. “The Concept of ‘Document’ in the Epistemological System of Knowledge: A Methodological Discourse in the Philosophy of Science.” Accessed May 19, 2025. https://elib.nakkkim.edu.ua/handle/123456789/5846. “The Epistemological Foundations of Data Science: A Critical Review | Synthese.” Accessed May 19, 2025. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11229022039332. “The Epistemological Foundations of Data Science: A Critical Review | Synthese.” Accessed May 19, 2025. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11229022039332. “The Past, Present, and Future of Integrated History and Philosophy Of.” Accessed May 20, 2025. https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.4324/9781351214827/pastpresentfutureintegratedhistoryphilosophyscienceemilyherringkevinjoneskonstantinkiprijanovlaurasellers. “Towards the Criteria of Genuine Human Enhancement: Business & Management Book Chapter | IGI Global Scientific Publishing.” Accessed May 20, 2025. https://www.igiglobal.com/chapter/towardsthecriteriaofgenuinehumanenhancement/358868. “Transdisciplinary Management of Polycrises: A Philosophical Approach | SpringerLink.” Accessed May 20, 2025. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/9783031706806_1. “Transdisciplinary Management of Polycrises: A Philosophical Approach | SpringerLink.” Accessed May 20, 2025. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/9783031706806_1. “Two Kinds of Philosophy | 2 | The Making of a Philosophical Fact | Car.” Accessed May 20, 2025. https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/97810034262882/twokindsphilosophycarlg%C3%B6ranheidegren. Ventura, Rafael. “The Use of Scientific Methods and Models in the Philosophy of Science.” Scientometrics 129, no. 3 (March 1, 2024): 1255–76. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192024049316. ———. “The Use of Scientific Methods and Models in the Philosophy of Science.” Scientometrics 129, no. 3 (March 1, 2024): 1255–76. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192024049316. ———. “The Use of Scientific Methods and Models in the Philosophy of Science.” Scientometrics 129, no. 3 (March 1, 2024): 1255–76. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192024049316. Wendt, Alexander Nicolai. “Complementarism.” In What Is Psychology About? The Philosophical Foundations of Its SubjectMatter, edited by Alexander Nicolai Wendt, 1–74. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/9783031811128_1. Wrathall, Mark. “Martin Heidegger.” In The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, edited by Edward N. Zalta and Uri Nodelman, Spring 2025. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, 2025. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2025/entries/heidegger/. Yelizarova, Olena, Tetiana Stankevych, Alla Parats, Nadiya Polka, Oksana Lynchak, Nataliya Diuba, and Svitlana Hozak. “The Effect of Two COVID19 Lockdowns on Physical Activity of SchoolAge Children.” Sports Medicine and Health Science 4, no. 2 (June 1, 2022): 119–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smhs.2022.01.002. ———. “The Effect of Two COVID19 Lockdowns on Physical Activity of SchoolAge Children.” Sports Medicine and Health Science 4, no. 2 (June 1, 2022): 119–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smhs.2022.01.002. Zuccoli, Alejandra, and Maximiliano E. Korstanje. “Towards a Theory of Education.” In The Role of Pleasure to Improve Tourism Education, edited by Alejandra Zuccoli and Maximiliano E. Korstanje, 1–18. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1007/9783031215803_1.